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A female in the United States is 3 times more likely to be murdered than a female in Canada, 5 times more likely to be murdered than a female in Germany, and 8 times more likely to be murdered than a female in England and Wales. The US female homicide victimization rate is 5 times that of all the other high income countries combined. The firearm homicide rate for US females is 11 times higher than that in the other high income countries. (see table at end of release)

David Hemenway, PhD , director of the Harvard Injury Control Research Center at HSPH, and lead author of the study, said: “The difference in female homicide victimization rates between the US and these other industrialized nations is very large and is closely tied to levels of gun ownership. The relationship cannot be explained by differences in urbanization or income inequality.�

Other studies of high income countries have found a relationship between levels of household gun ownership and overall homicide rates, but this association was primarily driven by male homicides, since most homicide victims are male. The current study is one of the first to examine international female homicide rates.

“The circumstances of male and female homicides tend to be quite different,� said Hemenway, “at least in the United States. While men are typically killed away from home by a non-intimate, women are more likely to be killed at home by a spouse, ex-boyfriend, or other intimate acquaintance.�

Hemenway emphasized that a cross-sectional study cannot prove causation, and that factors other than firearms explain some of the differences across nations. “After all, slightly less than half of all American females who are murdered are killed with a firearm.� Nevertheless, the results of this study are consistent with other studies of women that indicate a gun is an important risk factor for homicide. A recent study in the Journal of Urban Health looking at female homicides across US states found that in states with higher levels of household gun ownership, there were higher rates of female homicide victimization, even after accounting for differences in urbanization and poverty. The results were driven by the differences in firearm homicide.

Victimization surveys show that compared to the other high income countries, the United States does not have higher levels of property crime or violent crimeâ€"except for lethal violence.

Hemenway said: “Guns are often bought for protection, but the US has the most guns, and, clearly, we are not doing a good job protecting American women. The experience of all other developed countries shows that we can do better.�

The study was supported in part by grants form the Joyce Foundation, the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, the Open Society Institute, and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.

See:Table 1. Female Homicide Rates for 25 Populous High-Income Countries, 1994 to 1999 (MS Word)